References are people who can confirm your experience and character to a future employer. Most employers contact them near the end of the process, after an interview — which is why many modern CVs leave them off entirely.
Should you include references on your CV?
| Country / situation | Common practice |
|---|---|
| UK, Ireland, USA, Canada | Usually omitted; provide when asked. |
| Australia & New Zealand | Often listed ("referees") on the last page. |
| Gulf countries | Optional; some employers like to see them. |
| Application asks for them | Always include them as requested. |
"References available on request" is optional. Employers assume you will provide them, so the line mainly uses space.
Who to choose as a reference
- Your current or most recent line manager (best choice).
- A previous manager or senior colleague who knows your work well.
- For students: a lecturer, project supervisor or part-time job manager.
- Avoid family members and friends who have not worked with you.
How to ask someone to be your reference
Subject: Reference request — Marketing Coordinator applications
Hi Ahmed,
I hope you are well. I am applying for marketing coordinator roles and wondered whether you would be willing to act as a reference. You managed my work on the spring campaign and the newsletter relaunch, which are the projects most relevant to these roles.
I have attached my updated CV. I will let you know if an employer is likely to contact you.
Thank you very much,
Sana
Put this into practice
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What references are usually asked
- Confirmation of your job title, dates of employment and responsibilities.
- Your strengths, reliability and how you worked with others.
- Whether they would employ you again.
- In some sectors, specific questions about conduct, attendance or safeguarding.
What if you do not have a manager reference?
Graduates can use a lecturer, dissertation supervisor or part-time job supervisor. Freelancers can use long-standing clients. People returning to work can use volunteering coordinators or former colleagues. Explain the situation briefly to the employer — they usually understand.
How to format references
Ms Fatima Noor — Finance Manager, Crescent Trading LLC
Relationship: Line manager (2022 – 2025)
fatima.noor@email.com · +971 50 000 0000
Frequently asked questions
How many references do I need?+
Two or three is standard. At least one should be a recent manager.
Can a new employer contact my current boss without permission?+
Reputable employers usually ask first. Tell them if you prefer they contact your current employer only after an offer.
BuildCVFast Editorial Team
This guide is written and reviewed by the BuildCVFast editorial team using current hiring practices, published employer guidance and official government sources where relevant. We update our guides regularly. Read our editorial policy or send us a correction.